Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that is found in the melanin-producing cells (melanocytes). This is a serious and rapid form of the condition, which can develop due to prolonged exposure to UV rays. Thankfully, if diagnosed at an early stage, it can be cured completely. This article throws light on the diagnosis procedures for melanoma and methods of treatment for it.

Diagnosis of melanoma
While there are certain common diagnostic tests for cancer, the procedural details vary depending on where it has occurred. The umbrella term used is “screening.” This helps in the early detection of a tumor and consequently, better chances of recovery. Melanoma can be diagnosed in the following ways.

1. A physical examination
This test involves an external body examination, where the doctor will look for signs of melanoma. This stage of diagnosis will also involve looking at family medical history, their well-being, and other symptoms, if any.

2. A biopsy
This test follows a physical examination to confirm the type of cancer that is suspected, or to confirm that the signs and symptoms are a false alarm. In case of melanoma, the doctors will take a sample of the skin to get tested. The two types of biopsies that can be an option in this case include the punch biopsy and the excisional biopsy. Commonly, doctors opt for punch biopsy as it needs a minimum skin sample. However, the type of procedure varies with every case.

The results of these tests, if positive, will be used to understand the extent of melanoma. Given below are the parameters that will be considered:

The thickness of melanoma: This helps the doctor identify the stage of illness and the course of treatment.

Lymph nodes: This test determines if melanoma has spread to the lymph nodes. Doctors may take a sentinel node biopsy to identify if it has reached the surrounding lymph nodes.

Treatment of melanoma
The treatment of melanoma is determined based on the stage of the illness. Below listed are treatments for all stages.

1. Stage 0
This stage involves the cancer spreading to the top layer of the skin. The treatment mostly involves getting rid of the tumor. The use of imiquimod cream and radiation may be suggested in this treatment.

2. Stage 1
The melanoma has spread to a certain depth at this stage. Hence, it could involve a wide excision surgery. Depending on the thickness of melanoma, the doctor may also suggest sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) to identify if the disease has spread to the lymph nodes.

3. Stage 2
If the tumor is detected at this stage, the patient has to undergo both the wide excision surgery and SLNB. There are increased chances of the cancer spreading to the lymph nodes. Individuals at may also be recommended targeted therapy or immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat the tumor.

There are two more advanced stages of melanoma: stage 3 and stage 4, which require patients to opt for chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, and additional supplemental treatments. Cancer is a lot harder to treat at these advanced stages, but not impossible. Stage 4 advanced cancer; however, may require more of palliative care.